Comparison of Common Programming Languages

Feature	C	C++	Java	Python
Language Type	Procedural programming language	Procedural and Object-Oriented	Object-Oriented with platform independence	High-level, dynamically typed language
Usage	Systems programming, OS, drivers	High-performance applications, game development, graphics	Enterprise applications, web, Android	Data science, AI, web development, scripting
Execution	Compiled	Compiled	Compiled to bytecode, interpreted by JVM	Interpreted
Syntax Complexity	Simple yet low-level, error-prone	Complex, with OOP and STL features	Moderately simple, structured	Very simple, easy-to-read
Memory Management	Manual (malloc/free)	Manual and automatic (smart pointers)	Automatic with garbage collection	Automatic with garbage collection
Performance	Very high	Very high	High with JIT optimizations	Lower, but fast for scripting and prototyping
Cross-Platform	Weak, requires recompilation	Weak, platform-specific dependencies	Strong, JVM-based	Strong, interpreter-dependent
Community and Libraries	Limited, more for low-level libraries	Rich, with STL and Boost	Rich ecosystem, especially for enterprise	Extensive, especially for data science and AI
Error Handling	Limited, relies on return codes	Exception handling supported	Robust exception handling	Exception handling supported
Concurrency	Limited	Advanced concurrency support	Strong concurrency support	Basic concurrency, GIL limits multithreading
Primary Domains	System software, embedded systems	Game development, real-time systems	Web, enterprise applications, Android	Data science, machine learning, web
Syntax and Ease of Use	Difficult for beginners	Complex, steep learning curve	Moderate, beginner-friendly	Easiest to learn, highly readable
Popular Libraries and Frameworks	POSIX, glibc	STL, Boost, Qt	Spring, Hibernate, JavaFX	NumPy, Pandas, TensorFlow, Flask